Question 1

Initiatives, Programs, and Policies

Accepted Answer

Nov 2021 The  Clean  Hydrogen  Joint  Undertaking  should  be  adopted  on  19  November  2021.  The  EU  will support  the  Partnership  with €1 billion euro  for  the period 2021-2027,  complemented by  at least  an  equivalent  amount  of  private  investment  (from the  private  members of  the partnership), raising  the  total  funding  to above €2  billion  euro. The  ‘fit  for  55’  Climate  and  Energy  Package The Commission adopted on 14th  July  a new  package to  align the  energy  and climate regulatory  framework  with the  higher  level  of  ambition to  reduce  greenhouse gas  (GHG) emissions  by  2030  relative  to  1990  levels  (by  at  least  55%  rather  than  40%).  This  is  in  line  with the Paris  Agreement,  the  European  Green Deal  and the  European  Climate  Law’s  objective of making  the EU  the  first  climate-neutral  continent  by  2050. This  new  climate  and energy  package is  a  set  of  inter-connected  proposals,  which all  aim  to ensure  a fair,  competitive  and  green  transition  of  the  EU  economy to 2030  and  beyond.  Overall, the package  strengthens  eight  existing pieces  of  legislation and presents  five new  initiatives, across  a  range of  policy  areas  and  economic  sectors:  climate,  energy  and  fuels,  transport, buildings,  land use and  forestry.  In  addition,  there  are  three energy  proposals  planned still  to be adopted  mid-December  2021,  which will  cover  energy  performance  of  buildings,  methane and  decarbonisation of  gas  and hydrogen  markets.  Hydrogen  features  prominently  in  the  following proposed  legislations: Revision  of  the  Renewable  Energy  Directive  (RED  II) The  main  objective  is  to  increase  the  EU’s  renewables  target  from  the  current  32%  to  38-40%, in line with the  2030  Climate Target  Plan.  The  proposal  could lay  down  measures  to increase the  share  of  renewables  in  all  sectors  of  the  economy  (heating  and  cooling,  transports,  but  also industry)  and  strengthen  the sustainability  criteria  for  biomass  use. −  Specific  sub-targets  for  the consumption of  renewable H2 for  hard-to-decarbonise applications  in: •  Industry  Sector:  50%  by  2030 •  Transport  Sector:  2.6%  by  2030 −  Changes  the  framework  for  accounting  renewable  hydrogen  towards  the  national contribution  by  Member  State −  Extends  the  certification  framework  to  all  renewable  fuels,  including  renewable hydrogen Revised  Alternative  Fuels  Infrastructure  Regulation  (AFIR) The aim  of  this  revision is  to  ensure  that  sufficient  interoperable recharging  and  refuelling infrastructure  will  be  in  place  throughout  the  EU  and  ensure  that  infrastructure  investments indeed go hand in  hand  with the  required  vehicle  uptake  to  reach  our  ambitious  emission targets,  first  by  2030  and  then  towards  2050.  The  specific  objectives  are:  (i)  ensuring  minimum infrastructure  to  support  the required  uptake  of  alternative  fuel  vehicles  across  all  transport modes  and  in all  Member  States  to  meet  the  EU’s  climate  objectives;  (ii)  ensuring the infrastructure’s  full  interoperability;  and  (iii)  ensuring  full  user  information  and  adequate payment  options. The  proposal  will  include  more  binding  targets  for  infrastructure  rollout,  including  for  hydrogen refuelling infrastructure along the TEN-T  core network  and  urban  nodes  in  support  of  the ambition  set  by  the  Green Deal  and  Sustainable  and Smart  Mobility  Strategy, −  to have at  least  1,000  hydrogen  stations  by  2030  and half  of  them  by  2025. −  It will  also  mandate  technical  specifications  for  hydrogen  refuelling  infrastructure. EU Emission  Trading  Scheme Strengthening  of  existing  ETS  with  an  increase  of  18%  of  emission  reduction  (from  -  43%  to -  61%  by  2030) −  Inclusion  of  all  hydrogen  production  facilities  (>2t/day). −  Remove free allowances  for  aviation. −  Will  now include  maritime  transport. −  New EU ETS extension for  road  transport  and buildings,  operational  as  of  2025. Set  of  Policy  measures  on  transport    TEN-T Regulation The overarching goal  of  the revision of  the TEN-T  regulation is  to contribute to  the  European Green  Deal  objectives  and the  realisation of  the  Sustainable  and  Smart  Mobility Strategy (SSMS). In  the  context  of  alternative  fuels,  the  revised  TEN-T  regulation  will  make  a  close  link  with  the revised  Directives  on  the  deployment  of  alternative  fuels  infrastructure,  on  intelligent  transport systems by  including specific  standards  into  the  TEN-T.    The Commission's  public  consultation  on  the revised  guidelines  closed  on  5  May  2021. On 26  May  2021,  the  Commission published  the  results  of  its  evaluation of  the Regulation.  It  has  also  confirmed  that  it  plans  to  put  forward  the  revised  regulation in December 2021, together with the revised Directive on Intelligent Transport Systems.  FuelEU Maritime A legislative proposal to increase the deployment and use of renewable low-carbon fuels in the maritime sector. Targets are expressed in terms of greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used on board (GHG per MJ). A maximum limit on the greenhouse gas content of energy used by ships calling at European ports will be set (cruise ships, containerships and ro-pax).  ReFuelEU Aviation A legislative proposal to boost significantly the uptake of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and maintain a level playing field among market players in the EU aviation internal market. SAF means advanced biofuels and synthetic fuels. Synthetic fuels would be subject to a specific sub-mandate, a priori starting in 2030. Hydrogen is a key “ingredient” to produce synthetic fuels, and therefore the aviation sector will rely on hydrogen already in the short term. Set of Policy measures on taxation and trade  Revision of the Energy Taxation Directive: Shifting tax incentives away from fossil fuels and towards clean technologies.  New Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Carbon price on imports of a targeted selection of products to prevent ‘carbon leakage’. And finally, an important piece of legislation in preparation, The Hydrogen and gas markets decarbonisation package The main aims of the Hydrogen and Gas Market Decarbonisation Package are: • Facilitating the integration of renewable and low-carbon gases in the existing gas grid. This concerns biomethane injected at distribution level, gas quality in the existing networks, access of renewable gases to LNG terminals. • Enabling the development of dedicated hydrogen infrastructure and market, allowing hydrogen to become a key component of the energy sector. • Fostering more integrated network planning between electricity, gas and hydrogen networks. • Promoting consumer engagement in the RES and low-carbon gas markets. • Will include terminology and certification of low-carbon hydrogen. The adoption and publication of this package planned for mid-December this year. The Clean Hydrogen Alliance Set up in July 2020, the European Clean Hydrogen Alliance is part of EU efforts to ensure industrial leadership and accelerate the decarbonisation of industry in line with its climate change objectives. The European Clean Hydrogen Alliance supports the large-scale deployment of clean hydrogen technologies by 2030 by bringing together renewable and low- carbon hydrogen production, demand in industry, mobility and other sectors, and hydrogen transmission and distribution. It aims to promote investments and stimulate the rollout of clean hydrogen production and use. The Clean Hydrogen Alliance has now more than 1500 members. The Commission collected back in May 2021 more than 1000 projects from alliance members. The alliance is currently preparing a pipeline of investment projects to deploy hydrogen technologies, which will be presented at the European Hydrogen Forum on 30 November 2021. June 2021 The European Commission’s proposal for the Clean Hydrogen Partnership is still under discussion by the European Council and the European Parliament, and should be adopted by fall 2021. The European Commission, emphasizing the importance of hydrogen in the medium to long term, in order to achieve its ambitious goal of climate neutrality by 2050, proposes to fund the Partnership with €1 billion for the period 2021-2027, complemented by an at least equivalent amount of investment from the private sector members of the partnership, raising the total funding to above €2 billion. As a sign of the growing interest in hydrogen, six other sectoral partnerships will also support hydrogen technologies, namely road transport, train, maritime, aviation, clean steel and clean process industries which now consider hydrogen as a key tool to achieve their climate objectives. The ‘fit for 55’ Climate and Energy Package To achieve the EU’s increased 2030 climate ambition, all economic sectors and policies will need to make their contribution. The ‘fit for 55’ climate and energy package is a comprehensive step in overhauling the climate and energy policy framework to align it to the EU climate ambition. It includes the following policy initiatives. Revision of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) The main objective is to increase the EU’s renewables target from the current 32% to 38 - 40%, in line with the 2030 Climate Target Plan. The proposal could lay down measures to increase the share of renewables in all sectors of the economy (heating and cooling, transports, but also industry) and strengthen the sustainability criteria for biomass use. It could include the introduction of an EU wide certification system for renewable and lowcarbon fuels. The proposal would also aim at giving a strong push for electrification. Revision of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) It aims to increase the current energy efficiency target of 32.5% to 36-37% for 2030. The proposal could include measures driving energy efficiency in all key sectors of the economy through mandatory energy savings obligation. It could contribute to addressing energy poverty and help accelerate the renovation rate for public buildings. Revision of the Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Directive (AFID) The aim of this revision is to ensure that sufficient interoperable recharging and refuelling infrastructure will be in place throughout the EU and ensure that infrastructure investments indeed go hand-in-hand with the required vehicle uptake to reach the ambitious emission targets, first by 2030 and then towards 2050. The proposal will include more binding targets for infrastructure rollout, including for hydrogen refuelling infrastructure along the TEN-T core network and urban nodes in support  of the ambition set by the Green Deal and Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, namely to have at least 1,000 hydrogen stations by 2030 and half of them by 2025. It will also mandate technical specifications for hydrogen refuelling infrastructure, where still needed (for example liquid hydrogen refuelling), following the adoption of related standards by the European Standardisation Organisation. TEN-T Regulation he overarching goal of the revision of the TEN-T regulation is to contribute to the European Green Deal objectives and the realisation of the Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy (SSMS). In the context of alternative fuels, the revised TEN-T regulation will make a close link with the revised Directives on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, and on intelligent transport systems by including specific standards into the TEN-T. The process of adoption of the legislative proposal revising the TEN-T regulation will be launched after the summer break in view of adoption in October/November. FuelEU Maritime As part of the ‘Fit for 55’ package, the Commission is planning to make a legislative proposal to increase the deployment and use of renewable low-carbon fuels in the maritime sector. Following public consultations, there was an overwhelming preference for a goal-based approach compared to more prescriptive mandates on certain technologies. We are therefore considering expressing our targets in terms of greenhouse gas intensity of the energy used on board (GHG per MJ). An additional limit will be set for the most polluting ships at berth (i.e., cruise ships, containerships, and roll-on passenger ferries). ReFuelEU Aviation In the coming weeks, the Commission is expected to adopt a legislative proposal to boost significantly the uptake of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and maintain a level playing field among market players in the EU aviation internal market. SAF means advanced biofuels and synthetic fuels. Synthetic fuels would be subject to a specific sub-mandate, a priori starting in 2030. Hydrogen is a key “ingredient” to produce synthetic fuels, and therefore the aviation sector will rely on hydrogen already in the short term. December 2020 The Commission adopted on 8 July 2020 a number of high-profile policy initiatives to put Europe in a leading position to achieve real deployment and application of clean hydrogen and fuel cell technologies over the next decade. These initiatives are: The Industrial Clean Hydrogen Alliance proposed in the EU new Industrial Strategy, as well as potential Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) on hydrogen; The Communication “Powering a climate-neutral economy: An EU Strategy for Energy System Integration” in which hydrogen plays an important role, and; A hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe. This strategy covers all dimensions of hydrogen, in particular energy, climate, the associated investment challenges and the international dimension. It also includes a specific section on promoting research and innovation in hydrogen technologies. On 9 September 2020 the European Commission released the 2030 Climate Target Plan, presenting a renewed climate ambition with an EU-wide, economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions reduction target by 2030 compared to 1990 of at least 55% including emissions and removals.  All transport sectors - road, rail, aviation and waterborne transport - will have to contribute to the 55% reduction effort. A smart combination of vehicle/vessels/aircraft efficiency improvements, fuel mix changes, greater use of sustainable transport modes and multi-modal solutions, digitalisation for smart traffic and mobility management, road pricing and other incentives can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time significantly address noise pollution and improve air quality. June 2020 Hydrogen plays a central role in achieving the main objective of the European Green Deal and is one of the key sectors contributing to the European Economic Recovery Plan. In this context, important initiatives and activities are taking place in the EU such as: The proposed Clean Hydrogen Partnership under Horizon Europe. There has been an inter-institutional agreement on the next EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation, Horizon Europe.  A partnership in the area of hydrogen and fuel cells named ‘Clean Hydrogen’ is included in the list of potential initiatives proposed by the European Commission. The impact assessment study is still in progress. The New Industrial Strategy for Europe (adopted on 10 March) with the proposal to launch a European Clean Hydrogen Alliance + the following launch of potential Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) on hydrogen.  IPCEI is a new instrument to access public funding that is compatible with EU state aid rules. The ongoing work on communication on Energy Systems Integration. Hydrogen is prominent in Energy System Integration – the coordinated planning and operation of the energy system “as a whole,” across multiple energy carriers, infrastructures, and consumption sectors – and will play a pivotal role in the pathway to an effective, affordable and deep decarbonisation of the European economy. The preparation of communication on a European Hydrogen Strategy. This strategy encompasses all dimensions of hydrogen’s potential and policies, in particular R&I, energy, climate, industry and environmental policies and will also address the investment challenge The latter three initiatives will be part on a comprehensive policy package to be adopted beginning of July 2020. Finally, the adoption on 27 May of the Communication on "Europe's moment: Repair and Prepare for the Next Generation", which highlights in particular the important role of hydrogen in the EU economic recovery plan. The Commission will focus on unlocking investment in clean technologies and value chains. The €750bn economic recovery package is focused around the European Green Deal, and highlights “the rolling out renewable energy projects, especially wind, solar and kick-starting a clean hydrogen economy in Europe”. The new Strategic Investment Facility will invest in technologies that are key for the clean energy transition, such as renewable and energy storage technologies, clean hydrogen, batteries, carbon capture and storage and sustainable energy infrastructure.

Question 2

Research and Development

Accepted Answer

Nov 2021 Inauguration  of  Europe’s  largest  PEM  electrolysis  plant  in  REFHYNE  project As  part  of  the REFHYNE  European  consortium  and with EU  funding  through the  Fuel  Cells and Hydrogen  Joint  Undertaking  (FCH  JU),  the  fully  operational  plant  is  the first  to use  this technology  at  such a  large scale in a  refinery.  The  Rhineland 20 MW  electrolyser  will  use renewable  electricity  to  produce  up  to  1,300  tonnes  of  green  hydrogen  a  year.  This  will  initially be used  to produce  fuels  with lower  carbon  intensity.  In  the  future,  green hydrogen could  also be  used  for  industry,  to  heat  homes  and  to  power  trucks. Navigating  the  complex requirements  in  the use  of  hydrogen  for  maritime  applications MARANDA,  FLAGSHIPS,  ShipFC,  HyShip  and  HEAVENN  are  five demonstration projects supported  by  FCH  JU  that  develop,  integrate  and  trial  the  use  of  fuel  cells  [Proton-exchange Membrane  Fuel  Cell  (PEM)  or  Solid  Oxide  Fuel  Cell  (SOFC)]  using  ammonia  or  hydrogen  on- board various  maritime  and  fluvial  vessels. These  five  projects  share  common  topics,  such  as  hydrogen  safety,  vessel  permit implementation,  infrastructure  and  standards  for  zero  emission  fuels  bunkering. In addition,  project  e-SHyIPS  is  a  Pre-Normative Research project,  investigating experimental data on  ship design,  safety  systems,  material  and  components  and  bunkering procedures  for hydrogen. The projects  have  collaborated  as  well  with  HySafe  and  CEN/CENELEC  Working  Group on Hydrogen  for  maritime  to  support  the  development  of  an  appropriate  Pre-Normative  Research (PNR). Project  Development  Assistance  for  cities  and  regions:  summary  report The report  contains  summaries  of  the  project  plans  and work  undertaken  in each of  the selected  regions,  the  activities  delivered as  part  of  the  observer  network,  and the  next  steps after  the  end  of  the  PDA  support  period. The pilot  PDA  for  Hydrogen in regions  sets  the path  for  further  such initiatives,  possibly targeting  regions  which  are  not  yet  involved  in  the  development  of  hydrogen projects  and  which could make  use of  the  encompassing advantages  of  hydrogen  as  a green  energy  carrier  to ensure local,  sustainable and integrated  energy  solutions.   PRETZEL  – Game-changing  high  pressure  PEM  electrolyser PRETZEL was  launched in 2018  to develop an innovative polymer  electrolyte  membrane electrolyser  (PEMEL)  that  provides  significant  improvements  in efficiency  and operability hydrogen  pressure,  to  further  reach  the  emerging market  requirements. Reaching its  final  stages,  the  project  has  reported  encouraging  achievements: •  Developed a 25kW  PEM electrolyser  system  based  on a hydraulic  cell  concept  capable of  reaching an  unprecedented cell  efficiency  of  77%.  The patented  innovative cell concept  reached  100  bar  pressure,  allowing  operations  up  to  6A  cm-2  at  90°C •  Increased  the  durability  of  the cell  components.  The hydraulic  medium  compressing everywhere  with constant  force  is  additionally  cooling the cell  from  outside,  thus preventing  the  overheating of  cell  elements •  Reduced the  capital  cost  of  stack  components  by  using  low-cost  coatings Apart  the  impressive  results,  PRETZEL  project  will  have  managed  to  consolidate  R&D cooperation  relations  among  consortium  partners  from  different  EU  states:  Germany,  France, Spain,  Greece  and  Romania.  SWITCH  – Developing  a novel  system  prototype  based  on  solid  oxide  cell  technology SWITCH  project  succeeded in demonstrating  the  production of  green hydrogen using a reversible solid-oxide electrolyser  that  is  also  capable of  trigeneration  (heat,  electricity  and hydrogen)  when  utilising natural  gas. The first  part  of  the project  focused  on improving  the Large  Stack  Module (LSM)  –  the core of the  system  where  the  electrochemical  reaction  occurs.  Building  on  the  LSM concept  previously developed by  another  FCH  JU-funded  project  -  CH2P,  SWITCH  project  consortium  managed to  engineer  and  validate  the  LSM  for  full  reversible  operation  –  to  produce  hydrogen  when  fed with  electricity  and  steam.  The  module has  successfully  demonstrated  the production of  53kg of  green  hydrogen/day  and has  been  tested  already  for  more  than  2100  hours. With  such  encouraging  results,  the  project  is  planning  to  install  and  demonstrate  a  system  with an  operating  time  estimated  to  more  than  5000  h  and  capable  of  producing  100  kg  of  hydrogen per  day  –  double  than  the  production  capacity  initially  foreseen.  The  system  will  be  installed  in a  hydrogen  refuelling  station  (HRS)  in the  Shell  Technology  Centre  in Amsterdam. The  overall  cost  objectives  aim  at  €2.83/kg  H2  (@€40/MWhel)  and  €4.32/kg  (@€80/MWhel) with  an assumed  methane cost  of  3.5  cts/kWh.  June 2021 Successful test operation of the world's largest high-temperature electrolysis module unfire, global leader in solid oxide electrolysis (SOEC) technology, achieves a major milestone in the development of its second generation innovative high-temperature electrolysers. The company successfully operated and tested a 225 kW (0.225 MW) electrolysis module, which is setting the base for the planned distribution of a multi-megawatt electrolyser to Neste's refinery in Rotterdam in the scope of the EU-funded MultiPLHY project.  PECSYS – demonstrating the solar driven hydrogen production in a large photoelectrochemical system ECSYS project developed a considerable number of innovative solutions for hydrogen generation by exploring different combinations of photovoltaic PV (photovoltaic) materials and electrolysers. The winning technology consists of full-sized silicon heterojunction  modules and CuInGaSe modules directly connected to detached PEM electrolysers without power electronics. Such a system, with a solar collection area of 10.5 m², was successfully tested in the real environment in Jülich (GER) for 9 months. Based on the results achieved by the demonstration system, the final technology readiness level (TRL) of the PECSYS technology is estimated as 6 (on a scale from 1 to 9). Further development is needed to increase the efficiency and long-term durability, in particular of the thermally integrated systems.  COSMHYC project. Bringing hydrogen compression from concept to reality A four-year FCH JU-funded project (2017-2020), COSMHYC (Compression of Hydrogen at refuelling Stations) developed an innovative hybrid compression solution focusing in particular on improving performance, lowering costs, and reducing the noise level produced by the mechanical processor. Impact of COSMHYC project: • Development of prototypes for the metal hybrid (MH) and the mechanical compressors. • Increase energy efficiency while optimising the temperature of operation for the MH (

Question 3

Demonstration, Deployments, and Workforce Developments

Accepted Answer

Nov 2021 •  To date,  13901  FCEVs  have been contracted  through FCH  JU,  out  of  which  895  are currently  deployed and  495  planned or  in development  phase  (mainly  via  H2ME, H2ME2  projects  and  ZEFER  project). •  119  FC  buses  have  been deployed  to date  through FCH  JU  and  247  are planned  or in development  phase.  A  total  of  315 buses  have  been deployed or  planned to  be deployed  through  the  JIVE  and  JIVE 2  projects  (including all  buses  currently  under development). •  159  HRS are  deployed in Europe,  out  of  which  72  deployed via FCH  JU  (mainly  via H2ME  and  H2ME2  projects).  A  chart  displaying key  data  on  the number  and type  of hydrogen  refuelling stations  deployed in Europe,  including location and capacity  can be  found  here  or  here. •  4357  µCHPs  contracted  via FCH  JU,  out  of  which  2880  already  deployed  (mainly  via PACE  and  EneField  projects  –  around  95%  of  total  FCH JU  μCHPs).    June 2021   • To date, 14571 FCEVs have been contracted through FCH JU, out of which 988 are currently deployed and 330 planned or in development phase (mainly via H2ME, H2ME2 projects and ZEFER project). • 119 FC buses have been deployed until today through FCH JU and 235 are planned or in development phase. A total of 300 buses have been deployed or planned to be deployed through the JIVE and JIVE 2 projects (including all buses currently under development). • 159 HRS are deployed in Europe, out of which 72 deployed via FCH JU (mainly via H2ME and H2ME2 projects). A chart displaying key data on the number and type of hydrogen refuelling stations deployed in Europe, including location and capacity can be found here or here. • 4358 µCHPs contracted via FCH JU, out of which 2880 already deployed (mainly via PACE and EneField projects – around 95% of total FCH JU μCHPs).   December 2020 To date, 1907[1] FCEVs have been contracted through FCH JU, out of which 959 are currently deployed and 674 planned or in development phase (mainly via H2ME, H2ME2 projects and ZEFER project). 114 FC buses have been deployed until today through FCH JU and 244 are planned or in development phase. A total of 300 buses have been deployed or planned to be deployed through the JIVE and JIVE 2 projects (including all buses currently under development). 139 HRS are deployed in Europe, out of which 68 deployed via FCH JU (mainly via H2ME and H2ME2 projects). A chart displaying key data on the number and type of hydrogen refuelling stations deployed in Europe, including location and capacity can be found here or here. 4003 µCHPs contracted via FCH JU, out of which 2372 already deployed (mainly via PACE and EneField projects – around 95% of total FCH JU μCHPs). Publications PROGRAMME REVIEW REPORT 2019 The 2019 Programme Review Report presents the findings of a review into activities supported by the FCH 2 JU under the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme and Horizon 2020 by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC).  It pays particular attention to the added value, effectiveness and techno-economic efficiency of FCH 2 JU projects, assigned to six review panels under two main pillars Transport and Energy: TRANSPORT: a) trials and deployment of fuel cell applications and b)the next generation of products; ENERGY: a) trials and deployment of fuel cell applications, b) next generation of products and c) hydrogen for sectoral integration Support for market uptake (cross-cutting activities such as standards and consumer awareness) This report covers all 81 projects that were ongoing for any time between April and October 2018 and assesses the strengths and accomplishments of each panel and areas that would benefit from further attention. 2020 SUCCESS STORIES The 2020 edition of the FCH JU Success Stories highlights the impact of FCH JU projects and how the FCH JU is making fuel cells and hydrogen an everyday reality in Europe. From hydrogen-powered cars and heavy-duty trucks to maritime applications, from tackling the barriers limiting the potential of electrolysers to greening the steel industry, our projects are helping to make an impact on the clean energy transition. OPPORTUNITIES FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES CONSIDERING THE NATIONAL ENERGY & CLIMATE PLANS The study analyses the role of hydrogen in the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and identifies and highlights opportunities for hydrogen technologies to contribute to effective and efficient achievement of the 2030 climate and energy targets of the EU and its Member States. It focuses on the potential and opportunities of renewable hydrogen, produced by electrolysers using renewable electricity and of low-carbon hydrogen, produced by steam methane reforming combined with CCS. The opportunities for and impacts of hydrogen deployment are assessed and summarised in individual fiches per Member State. Moreover, it analyses to what extent policy measures and industrial initiatives are already being taken to facilitate large-scale implementation of hydrogen in the current and the next decades. HYDROGEN-POWERED AVIATION   A new independent study, commissioned by Clean Sky 2 and Fuel Cells & Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertakings on hydrogen’s potential for use in aviation. The study found that hydrogen – as a primary energy source for propulsion, either for fuel cells, direct burn in thermal (gas turbine) engines or as a building block for synthetic liquid fuels – could feasibly power aircraft with entry into service by 2035 for short-range aircraft. Costing less than €18 [$20] extra per person on a short-range flight, and reducing climate impact by 50 to 90%, hydrogen could play a central role in the future mix of aircraft and propulsion technologies. _________________________________________________________________________   June 2020 Ca. 2458[1] FCEVs (including range extenders, i.e. Symbio) deployed in Europe, out of which 839[2] through the FCH 2 JU (mainly via H2ME, H2ME2 projects and ZEFER project). Ca. 81 FC buses in operation, of which 59[3]  through FCH JU and more than 300 (via FCH 2 JU mainly through JIVE and JIVE 2 projects) in planning/development stage. Ca. 195 HRS in operation, out of which 63 deployed via FCH 2 JU (mainly via H2ME and H2ME2 projects. From those, 127 HRS are publically available or by prior arrangements for refuelling of passenger cars and other light duty vehicles[4]. 4003 µCHPs contracted via FCH 2 JU, out of which ca. 2054 deployed (mainly via PACE and EneField projects). [1] Latest status 22/01/2020, including non-commercial vehicles [2] Including non-commercial vehicles and 16 discontinued cars [3] Including 13 discontinued buses [4] Excluding MHVs, trucks and buses

Question 4

Events and Solicitations

Accepted Answer

Nov 2021 COP26  (01/11/2021) The  COP26  UN  climate  conference  took  place  between  1  and  12  November  2021  at  the Scottish Event  Campus  (SEC)  in Glasgow.  It  was  an opportunity  for  Hydrogen Europe  to launch a  special  report  on hydrogen  developed together  with REVOLVE.  The  report  is  a comprehensive document,  which aims  to  highlight  how  hydrogen  is a  key piece  of  the climate  neutrality  jigsaw  as  it’s  a  viable solution  to  many  of  the world’s  climate neutrality objectives:  it  unleashes  the potential  of  renewables,  ensures  energy  system  efficiency,  and enables  a  carbon-neutral  industry  and  transport  system.  Many  of  these  aspects  are  explained and  showcased  in the  report,  such  as: •  myth  busters •  facts  &  figures •  case  studies  from  industry •  market  developments •  policy  developments •  as  well as  a  section  "beyond Europe"  Zero  Emission  Bus  Conference  2021  (17/11/2021)  The Paris  Zero Emission Bus  Conference  follows  the successful  2nd edition held in Cologne, Germany,  in November  2018.  Over  360  global  stakeholders  representing 220  organisations will  attend  the  event.  Expert  speakers  will  debate  routes  to  commercialisation  and  will  discuss technological  readiness  of  the  two zero emission  options:  battery  and  fuel  cell  buses.  ZEB 2021  will  call  on European manufacturers,  policy  makers  and  operators  to  scale up  their  zero emission  ambitions  to become  global  leaders  in.   Africa  Green  Hydrogen  Virtual  Forum  (22/11/2021) Africa’s  pursuit  of  clean  energy  solutions  in  the  transition to  a  low-carbon  future,  as  well  as continent-wide  targets  to  address  energy  poverty,  accelerate economic  growth,  and  ensure a consistent  energy  supply  for  years  to  come,  have  created  fundamental  opportunities  for  green hydrogen  developments.  There  are  over  600  million  people  in  Africa  without  access  to electricity,  and  only  17%  of  the  population  in  sub-Saharan  Africa  has  access  to  clean  cooking. Yet,  the  continent  holds  sizeable  renewable  energy  resources  that  could  address  these  issues. By  leveraging  these  resources  in  the  production of  green hydrogen,  Africa  could  significantly enhance energy  access,  security,  and  supply.  Africa has  seen vast  amounts  of  progress  in green hydrogen developments  across  the  region  with countries  such  as  South Africa,  Niger, Mali  and Namibia  redirecting its  focus  on  the  utilisation of  renewable energies  through  green hydrogen.   European  Hydrogen  Week  (29/11/2021) To match the unprecedented  interest  in  hydrogen technologies,  FCH  JU  will  dedicate  an  entire week  of  events  -  from  29  November  to  3  December  2021  -  to  the  essential  role  of  hydrogen  in meeting  the 2050 climate neutrality  goal  of  the European  Green  Deal  and  boosting the economic  recovery. The  series  of  events  taking  place  during  the  week  include  the  European  Hydrogen  Forum,  the meeting of  the  Clean Hydrogen Alliance,  the FCH  JU  Programme Review  Days  and  the  FCH JU  Awards  (now  at  the fourth  edition).  The  European Hydrogen  Forum,  which takes  place on 29 November,  will  mark  the launch of  the  Clean Hydrogen Partnership  –  as  the  successor  of the  Fuel Cells  and  Hydrogen  Undertaking. The  event  will  bring  together  key  policy-makers,  industry  representatives,  civil  society organisations  and  the  research  community  to  discuss  the breakthroughs  and opportunities  of green hydrogen  technologies  in achieving climate  neutrality  while creating  jobs  and growth. We expect  more  than  5000  participants  online  -  from  Europe  and  beyond. Hydrogen  Economy Europe  (02/12/2021) Hydrogen is  transforming the  global  energy  landscape and no  more  so  than in  Europe.  Last year,  the  European  Commission placed hydrogen  at  the  forefront  of  Europe's  green  recovery, with an ambitious  plan of  achieving 6  GW  of  renewable hydrogen by  2024,  and  40  GW  by 2030. However,  the  roadmap is  unclear.  The  cost  of  hydrogen  remains  high,  the  business  case  has not  been  defined,  and  the infrastructure  requirements  are colossal.  To  build the  hydrogen economy  in  Europe,  investments  of  up  to  €470  billion  will  be  needed  in  the  next  30  years.  Will Europe’s  hydrogen  bet  pay  off? The  inaugural  Reuters  Events:  Hydrogen  Economy  Europe will  address  these challenges head-on,  gathering industry  leaders  across  the public  and private  sector.  Covering  policy  & regulation,  scaling  up  production,  infrastructure,  and  end-use  sectors,  attendees  will  leave  with both  the  critical  information  and  partnerships  they  need  for  expansion  in  Europe.  June 2021 European Hydrogen Week (29/11/2021) To match the unprecedented interest in hydrogen technologies, FCH JU will dedicate an entire week of events - from 29 November to 3 December 2021 - to the essential role of hydrogen in meeting the 2050 climate neutrality goal of the European Green Deal and boosting the economic recovery. The series of events taking place during the week include the European Hydrogen Forum, the meeting of the Clean Hydrogen Alliance, the FCH JU Programme Review Days and the FCH JU Awards (now at the fourth edition). The European Hydrogen Forum, which takes place on 29 November, will mark the launch of the Clean Hydrogen Partnership – as the successor of the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Undertaking. The event will bring together key policy-makers, industry representatives, civil society organisations and the research community to discuss the breakthroughs and opportunities of green hydrogen technologies in achieving climate neutrality while creating jobs and growth. We expect more than 5,000 participants online - from Europe and beyond. Zero Emission Bus Conference 2021 (17/11/2021) The Paris Zero Emission Bus Conference follows the successful 2nd edition held in Cologne, Germany, in November 2018. Over 360 global stakeholders representing 220 organisations attended the event. Expert speakers debated routes to commercialisation and discussed technological readiness of the two zero emission options: battery and fuel cell buses. ZEB 2021 will call on European manufacturers, policy makers and operators to scale up their zero emission ambitions to become global leaders in. The 4th International Workshop On Degradation Issues of Fuel Cells and Electrolysers (30/09/2021)  The 4th edition of the International Workshop on Degradation Issues of Fuel Cells and Electrolysers will take place this year from 30 September to 02 October in Corfu, Greece. Co-organised by FORTH/ICEHT, the University of Birmingham (UoB) and the Horizon 2020, FCH JU funded project - NewSOC, the event will cover different subjects: Durability requirements in Fuel Cell and Electrolyser applications Mechanisms limiting Fuel Cell or Electrolyser Durability.  International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (21/09/2021) The ninth edition of the biennial International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS2021) will be taking place in Edinburgh on 21st to 23rd September 2021. Organised by the Scottish Government and HySafe, the event will focus on the overarching theme of ‘Safe Hydrogen for Net Zero’. The conference will present the state-of-the-art, new developments, regulatory and normative aspects and practical implications with regard to hydrogen safety. f-cell 2021 Energizing Hydrogen Business (14/09/2021) The annual event for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell experts provides an extensive overview of relevant international markets and industries as well as technological advancements. The interactive format offers an ideal platform for experts and newcomers alike to connect, discuss and set up sustainable business relationships. f-cell 2021 consists of a conference with interactive sessions and trade fair.  2nd International Hydrogen Aviation Conference (IHAC 2021) (2/9/2021) The 2nd International Hydrogen Aviation Conference (IHAC 2021) will be held at Glasgow, Scotland on Thursday, 2nd September 2021. The 2nd International Hydrogen Aviation  Conference (IHAC 2021) will focus on the use of hydrogen in aviation, the associated benefits, and emerging challenges.  European Fuel Cell Forum 2021 (29/6/2021) The EFCF 2021, taking place from 29 June to 2 July, addresses issues of low-temperature Fuel Cells and electrolysers including CO2 reduction. These technologies are also strongly linked to hydrogen and its processing. The conference topics will range from fundamental understanding of the relevant materials as well as of the kinetics and mass/heat/water transport processes, H2 purification, compression, storage and distribution, all the way to the implementation in real-world devices. The FCHgo International Award event (15/6/2021)  The winners of the FCHgo International Award will be announced during an online ceremony on 15 June from 15:00 to 17:00. FCHgo is a European project funded by FCH JU, dedicated to fostering knowledge about fuel cell and hydrogen technology by delivering an educational model for schools. The project application phase for the FCHgo Award competition has closed, but the international selection of candidate projects is in progress.  Solicitations / Procurements The FCH 2 JU published a call for tenders on 06/05/2021 for a Study on Hydrogen in Ports and Industrial Coastal Areas. Deadline to express interest is on 14 June 2021. The online Mission Innovation Hydrogen Valley Platform went live in January 2021, with 32 Valleys spread around the world. This was further enlarged with a new batch of four projects in June 2021. The final report of this procurement was published and announced during the launch of the Clean Hydrogen Mission within the Mission Innovation 2.0, together with the intention to further develop the platform with a new procurement to be launched soon, aiming at having it operational as of end-2021 and until 2023. The Report on Hydrogen Valleys provides insights into the emerging hydrogen economies around the world, with its findings being based on data gathered through this global information sharing platform set up by the FCH JU under the Innovation Challenge 8 'Renewable and Clean Hydrogen' of Mission Innovation and funded by the European Commission. December 2020 EUROPEAN HYDROGEN WEEK The European Hydrogen week took place from 23 to 27 November 2020 and comprised of three different events: 1.  The FCH JU Programme Review Days (PRD), 23-24 November 2020 The two-days event kick-started the whole week and, following the tradition of the past 10 years, provided an excellent visibility platform for more than 100 projects currently on-going under FCH JU. Projects presented their progress, obtained feedback and exchanged ideas on technological developments in the sectors. The event closed with the FCH JU Awards 2020, naming the winners of FCH JU’s cutting-edge projects in the categories Best Outreach, Best Success Story, Best Innovation. 2.  PrioritHy: How hydrogen can bring recovery, growth and jobs for Europe, 25 November 2020 This event focused on best-practice regional approaches to build up a hydrogen economy and to ensure the overall transition to a climate neutral Europe. The event was jointly organised by the National Organisation Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology (NOW) and Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking (FCH JU), and with the support of the European Commission and the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. 3.  The European Hydrogen Forum, 26-27 November 2020 A high-level conference featuring keynote speeches by a number of Commissioner’s, including the European Commission’s Executive Vice-President for the European Green Deal Frans Timmermans, many panel discussions, battlefield talks and virtual cocktails for participants under the theme Kick-starting the EU hydrogen industry to achieve the EU climate goals. In addition, market opportunities of hydrogen technologies in its entire value chain were explored in six roundtables headed by CEOs of world-leading companies. The event was jointly organised by the European Commission (DG GROW) and the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking. Launching of the FCH Observatory On 15 September 2020, the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Observatory (FCHO) online launch event took place with around 1000 participants from European and national institutions, industry and associations from around the world. The FCHO provides data and up to date information about the entire hydrogen sector. It focuses on technology and market statistics, socio-economic indicators, policy and regulation, as well as financial support. Webinar: Moving Electrolysers into the Gigawatt Scale On 6 October 2020 FCH JU organised a webinar together with the Institute for Sustainable Process Technology (ISPT) on the challenge of moving the electrolysers technology to a GW scale in the next decade. The speakers looked at how the EU Hydrogen Strategy published in July 2020 and the German Hydrogen Strategy can promote the massive scale up in electrolyser capacity in Europe, while collaborating at a global scale with main partners such Australia and US to provide the necessary clean hydrogen by 2030 and decarbonise our economies. The second part of the webinar shared preliminary results of the Hydrohub Innovation Program which has been working on a baseline (2020 level) design of a GW electrolyser plant for green hydrogen and corresponding cost analysis and explored which challenges still lie ahead to bring green hydrogen to the front of the merit order. Launch of the Hydrogen Territories Platform The new Hydrogen Territories Platform (HTP) (http://h2territory.eu/) was launched on 23 September 2020. The HTP will help to identify local replication opportunities for the development, deployment, and exploitation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies for integrated local energy systems. It was developed within the BIG HIT project, aiming to support replication of the local energy systems model. The HTP will provide information and modelling tools to support the wider development and replication of this model to other islands and isolated territories. Clean hydrogen mobility for regions This workshop held on 21 October 2020 was dedicated to regions and cities interested in clean hydrogen mobility solutions to tackle climate change and air pollution. The FCH JU provided information to support technology adoption & financing; regions and manufacturers presented their plans and projects and brought evidence of the suitability of hydrogen solutions for public transport fleets. Finally, there was a discussion on why and how to invest in this zero-emissions technology, best practices, and next steps of deployment. Procurements The FCH 2 JU published a Call for Tenders on 17/09/2020 on the Operation and Maintenance of the European HRS Availability System (E-HRS-AS). Deadline to express interest was beginning of November 2020. ____________________________________________________________________________ June 2020 Publications Life Cycle Assessment of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies The report provides an overview of the progress achieved so far and a comprehensive analysis on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for various hydrogen technologies and processes. The review considers 73 FCH 2 JU funded projects. The LCAs have been assessed regarding the adherence to guideline recommendations, methodology and overall quality of the work. Based on the outcome of this analysis, a harmonisation effort in the approach to LCA for the FCH JU funded projects is proposed. In particular, a Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) database useful for the projects is required together with the identification of a reference case to be used as benchmark for future LCAs. Keyword Analysis and Project Classification of FCH 2 JU Projects This report assesses keywords to determine relationships between funding and the different activities of the Joint Undertaking, for example, to visualise trends in the funding for particular technologies or applications. As a pre-cursor to a wider historical analysis of the impact of the FCH 2 JU, a structured classification of projects according to keywords is performed, leading to the creation of a hierarchical database. The potential role of H2 production in a sustainable future power system In this report, the operation of a future highly decarbonised (95% CO2 emissions reduction vs 1990) power system, as defined with JRC-EU-TIMES (a partial equilibrium energy system model) in 2050, is analysed with METIS, the mathematical model providing analysis of the European energy system for electricity, gas and heat. Current Status of Chemical Energy Storage Technologies The aim of this report is to give an overview of the contribution of EU funding, specifically through Horizon 2020 (H2020), to the research, development and deployment of chemical energy storage technologies (CEST). In the context of this report, CEST is defined as energy storage through the conversion of electricity to hydrogen or other chemicals and synthetic fuels. The report maps research activities on CESTs at the European level. In addition, projects funded at national and international level, occurring within the same timeframe, have been considered. Global Energy and Climate Outlook 2019: Electrification for the low-carbon transition This edition of the Global Energy and Climate Outlook (GECO) analyses the role of electrification in global transition pathways to a low Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions economy. The role of electricity is examined by large sector (industry, transport, buildings, power generation), with a particular regional focus on the EU and China and a sectoral focus on road transport electrification. Hydrogen fuel cells are accounted in the report. Events & Initiatives EU Energy day at COP25 The EU energy day took place on 10 December 2019 under the topic: "Transforming the energy system for a climate neutral economy: the EU example. Within the event, the session “Accelerating innovation for the European Green Deal” presented a number of key technologies and innovations funded by different EU R&I support instruments and included inputs from the FCH 2 JU funded project H2FUTURE. The European Green Deal The European Commission presented the European Green Deal on 11 December 2019, outlining the main policy initiatives for reaching net-zero global warming emissions by 2050. “Climate-neutral” Europe: this is the overarching objective of the European Green Deal. To this purpose, a plan for “smart sector integration”, bringing together the electricity, gas and heating sectors closer together “in one system”, is foreseen in 2020. Hydrogen is mentioned as a key instrument for meeting the Green Deal objectives. Hydrogen for Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) A conference/info-session on Hydrogen for Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEI) took place in Brussels on 15 January 2020. The conference aimed to: (i) inform participants about the concept of Important Projects of Common European Interest; (ii) present a number of major large-scale Hydrogen projects as examples; and (iii) facilitate extensive matchmaking between participants in order to find the required industrial partners for the implementation of existing and new projects. Covenant of Mayors Investment Forum and Official launch of the EU City Facility The Covenant of Mayors Investment Forum – Energy Efficiency Finance Market Place is the biggest event of its kind in Europe, showcasing successful projects on financing climate adaptation, energy efficiency, clean mobility and innovative energy planning, as well as initiatives working across Europe to facilitate the market for climate and sustainable energy finance. The event was organised on 18-19 February 2020 by the European Commission's Directorates-General for Energy and Climate Action and the Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) in collaboration with the Covenant of Mayors. The FCH JU joined the event with a session on Hydrogen mobility solutions for buses, garbage trucks and taxi fleet. FCHgo Award: "World of the future: the best FCH application" The international FCHgo Award challenges pupils to imagine innovative applications of FCH technology that will transform our daily-lives in the future. The theme of the contest is ‘World of the future: the best FCH application’. The competition was launched on 26 February 2020 by FCHgo project, a project funded by the FCH 2 JU. The goal of FCHgo project is to strengthen public acceptance and awareness of fuel cell hydrogen technologies (FCH-Ts) by educating pupils of all education levels, from primary to secondary school. The project was launched in January 2019 and will be carried out until the end of 2020. Hydrogen fuel cell trucks. Paving the road to a carbon-neutral Europe The Hydrogen Fuel Cell Trucks Event was held on 5 March 2020 and brought together leading experts from the truck industry, EU decision makers, end-users and infrastructure providers to discuss how to accelerate the mass-market deployment of hydrogen fuel cell trucks and their infrastructure. Launch of the Hydrogen Valley Platform The Hydrogen Valley Platform, launched on 21 April 2020, is a Global Information Sharing Platform, developed by the FCH 2 JU to support the Mission Innovation IC8 Member States. Its objective is to promote the emergence and implementation of hydrogen flagship projects (“hydrogen valleys”) and raise awareness among policy makers, thus advancing the clean energy transition. The platform will offer up to date information regarding existing hydrogen valley projects, while providing various support tools for project development, implementation, and facilitating interaction. A 2×40 GW Initiative - Green Hydrogen for a European Green Deal The European industry association Hydrogen Europe announced on 27 April 2020 the 2x40 GW Initiative. The objective is to promote a massive increase of electrolyser production within the EU in order to support green hydrogen production. The initiative proposes install 40 GW electrolyser capacity in the countries of the European Union as well as 40 GW electrolyser capacity in neighbouring countries, especially in North Africa and Ukraine up to the year 2030. HYTUNNEL-CS Stakeholders’ workshop The consortium of the FCH 2 JU project HYTUNNEL-CS organised an online Stakeholders' Workshop on 4-5 May 2020. Tunnel authorities, managers and designers, as well as tunnel operations and safety officers participated along with developers of hydrogen-powered vehicles and hydrogen delivery transport developers and manufacturers. THYGA online workshop The consortium of the FCH 2 JU project THYGA organised an online workshop on 6 May 2020. The workshop presented first research results and discussed the specific consequences of hydrogen blending for the gas appliances sector, with the participation of researchers, manufacturers and associations. FCH JU’S Project Development Assistance (PDA) initiative Following a highly competitive public call for applications, launched by the FCH JU early 2020, 11 European regions were selected (out of 35) to benefit from direct assistance for developing high quality, integrated hydrogen projects. The piece of news was released on 18 May 2020 and a first meeting with these regions is planned to take place in the beginning of June. The wide geographic spread and the diverse portfolio of the end-use applications in the regions selected can create a great blueprint for the other regions. These will be included in the PDA Observers’ Network and will be able to benefit from the shared knowledge and expertise.   Procurements The FCH 2 JU is supporting the development of the ‘European fuel cells and hydrogen market and policy observatory’ to act as a reference point for information about fuel cells and hydrogen technologies and applications in Europe. The call for tenders was published on 9 August 2018 and the first release of the observatory is expected to become live in Q3 2020. The FCH 2 JU published a call for tenders on 26 March 2019 to carry out a study on Opportunities arising from the inclusion of Hydrogen Energy Technologies in the National Energy & Climate Plans. The final report is expected to be released in Q2 2020. The FCH 2 JU published a call for tenders to undertake a Study on use of fuel cell hydrogen in aviation, a joint study between the FCH 2 JU and Clean Sky 2 JU on the potential of fuel cell and hydrogen technologies in the field of aircraft propulsion. The final report is expected to be released in Q2 2020. The FCH 2 JU published a call for tenders on 13 November 2020 to support a Study on European Business cases for FCH trucks and technology development roadmap. The kick off meeting was held and a final report is expected to be released in Q4 2020. The FCH 2 JU is supporting the Project Development Assistance (PDA) for European Regions study to provide support for at least ten regions or cities to develop detailed work plans for the implementation of hydrogen projects, including at least two projects from EU13 member states. The call for tenders was published on 14 May 2019. On April 2020, 11 European regions were selected to benefit from direct assistance. The Kick-Off meeting is expected to take place beginning of June 2020. The FCH 2 JU published a call for tenders on 14 April 2020 to carry out a Study on Accelerating the Deployment of Guarantees of Origin Schemes for Hydrogen and for the Design of a Voluntary Scheme for Compliance with REDII Targets. Deadline to express interest is the end of June 2020.

Question 5

Investments and Funding

Accepted Answer

Nov 2021   The 2020  (first)  yearly  Innovation Fund’s  (funded  with allowances  from  the  EU’s  Emission Trading System)  calls  for  large-  and small-scale projects,  worth EUR  1  billion  and EUR  100 million  respectively,  were  closed in  Q2  and  Q1-2021. In the  large-scale  Call,  292 proposals  were deemed admissible and  70  (worth  about  EUR  6.7 bn of  request  for  support  and potential  to  avoid  402 MtCO2e  over  10  years)  were  actually invited for  the second stage of  the  selection process.  Hydrogen  related  projects  account  for over  ¼  of  these  70 proposals.  Different  paths  for  green H2  production account  for  about  40% of  these  H2  projects;  blue  H2  share is  about  25%  of  the green H2  projects  share;  CCU (combining  it  with  H2  for  Methanol  &  Ethanol)  projects  are  about  the  double  of  the  blue  H2;  and projects  exclusively  dedicated  to H2  usage  account  for  close to  1/3  of  the H2  projects.  On the other  hand,  it  was  also  announced  that  4  large  hydrogen  projects  (out  of  15)  will  receive  Project Development  Assistance  to  advance  their  maturity  –  in Spain  (2),  Denmark  &  Norway  and Portugal.  The Project  Development  Assistance  will  be provided via  the  European Investment Bank. In  the  small-scale  call  (CAPEX  below  EUR  7.5  mn),  232  proposals  were  received  of  which  yet again  over  ¼  are  hydrogen  related.  Overall,  32  projects  for  a  total  budget  of  grants  worth  EUR 108 million were approved,  out  of  which 4  hydrogen projects  in Spain  (2),  Italy  and Poland. Another  project  in France,  in  the glass/ceramics  industry,  although  not  focused  on it  is  also compatible with  hydrogen. The next  call  for  large  projects  under  the  Innovation Fund is  already  open  (launched on 26/10/2021)  and  its  budget  will  increase  from  EUR  1  billion  to  EUR  1.5  billion. For  small-scale  projects  the  following  call  is  expected  for  March  2022,  with  an  indicative  budget of  EUR 100  million,  i.e.,  similar  to  the  first  call.    June 2021 The 2020 (first) yearly Innovation Fund’s (funded with allowances from the EU’s Emission Trading System) calls for large- and small-scale projects, worth EUR 1 bn and EUR 100 mn respectively, were closed in Q1-2021.   In the large-scale call, 314 proposals were deemed admissible and 70 (worth about EUR 6.7 bn of request for support and potential to avoid 402 MtCO2e over 10 years) were actually invited for the second stage of the selection process. Hydrogen related projects account for over ¼ of these 70 proposals. Different paths for green H2 production account for about 40% of these H2 projects; blue H2 share is about 25% of the green H2 projects share; CCU (combining it with H2 for Methanol & Ethanol) projects are about double of the blue H2; and projects exclusively dedicated to H2 usage account for close to 1/3 of the H2 projects.   In the small-scale call (CAPEX below EUR 7.5 mn), 232 proposals were received of which yet again over ¼ are hydrogen related.   December 2020   The European Clean Hydrogen Alliance (ECH2A) will build up a clear pipeline of viable investment projects, provide a broad forum to coordinate investment by all stakeholders and engage civil society, and facilitate cooperation in a range of large investment projects, including IPCEI projects. It will be supported by the Strategic Investment Facility under InvestEU and the ETS Innovation Fund. The EU’s recovery plan Next Generation EU, will provide for funding opportunities, especially via InvestEU, the new Recovery and Resilience Facility, the increase in Cohesion funding via REACT-EU, and the Just Transition Mechanism.   The Commission has launched calls for proposals for both a 100 MW electrolyser and Green Airports and Ports, as part of the European Green Deal call under Horizon 2020. ______________________________________________________________________________   June 2020   All information on investments will be provided in the Hydrogen Policy package to be released beginning of July.

Question 6

Regulations, Codes & Standards, and Safety

Accepted Answer

Nov 2021 Overall,  the  FCH  2  JU  activities  on  Regulation,  codes  and  Standards  (RCS)  are  the  following: •  Research  grants,  mostly  on  Pre-Normative Research activities.  Over  the  last  period,  10 PNR  projects  have  been ongoing  (see  below  the  project  list  and  details). •  The activities  performed  by  the  ‘Regulations,  Codes  and  Standards  Strategy Coordination (RCS  SC)  Group’,  a working group  composed  of  industry  and research centres  around  these  topics.  The  RCS  SC  Group  has  contributed to  better  coordination concerning  RCS issues  in  the  FCH 2 JU Programme, including  the identification  of  RCS priorities  for  the  FCH2  JU  Annual  Work  Plans  and  proposals  for  standardization  for  the Annual  Union  Work  Plan  (AUWP)  on  Standardization  of  the  Commission.  Nevertheless, this  group  hasn’t  had  much  activity  over  the  last  period. •  Cooperation with  JRC,  which  includes  activities  of  diverse  nature  around  this  topic,  e.g. harmonization of  testing  protocols.  Over  2021,  several  technical  reports  have been published:  (i)  Historical  Analysis  of  FCH  2  JU  Stationary  Fuel  Cell  Projects,  (ii)  Historical Analysis  of  FCH  2  JU  Electrolyser  Projects,  and  (iii)  EU  harmonised  terminology  for hydrogen  generated  by  electrolysis. •  Cooperation  with  CEN-CENELEC  SFEM WG  H2 to  outline  roadmaps  about  the  needs        on standardization,  challenges,  etc.  The  outcomes  of  the  SFEM WG  H2  were  published    in 2016 in a  report  that  provides  inputs  about  the  needs  regarding (i)  pre-normative research  and  (ii)  standardization  for  further  development  at  European  level.  An  updated report  was  released  in  2018.  The  FCH  2  JU continues  to  cooperate    with  SFEM  WG  H2,  in particular  with  the Task  Force set  up  on  Industrial  Needs  Hydrogen  Quality. •  FCH Observatory  module on Policy  and  RCS,  provides  users  with a  comprehensive overview  of  the  most  relevant  policies,  rules  and  standards  that  directly  or  indirectly affect  the development  and deployment  of  the hydrogen  technologies  covered by  the FCHO. This section of the portal is updated on an annual basis and in July 2021 a new set or reports has been released. Regarding the projects, the JU addresses RCS mainly through Pre-Normative Research (PNR) grants, as PNR is an essential step for advancing standards and in the last instance the regulations and codes that refer to those standards. Over the last period, 10 PNR projects are ongoing: • HYDRAITE: PNR focused on hydrogen quality and quality assurance, the project aims to provide inputs to ISO 14687. • PRESLHY: PNR for safe use of liquid hydrogen. As a result of the first results of this project, an ISO/PWI 24077: “Safe Use of LH2 in Non-Industrial Settings“ has been established. • HYTUNNELS-CS : PNR for safety of hydrogen driven vehicles and transport through tunnels and similar confined spaces. The project targets UN GTR #13 “Global technical regulation on hydrogen and fuel cell vehicles” and standards of ISO/TC 197 “Hydrogen Technologies” and CEN/CLC/JTC6 “Hydrogen in Energy Systems”. • THYGA: PNR on the impact of blends of natural gas and hydrogen on end use applications in the domestic and commercial sectors. The project targets many different standards and committees. • HIGGS: PNR covering the gaps of knowledge of the impact that high levels of hydrogen could have on the high pressure gas infrastructure, its components and its management. • PRHYDE: PNR centred in developing refuelling protocols for heavy-duty hydrogen vehicles, on-road and off-road (rail, maritime). • ID-Fast: PNR on degradation mechanisms and definition of Accelerated Stress Testing (AST) protocols for PEM fuel cells. • AD-ASTRA: PNR on degradation mechanisms and definition of Accelerated Stress Testing (AST) protocols for SO cells. • e-SHYIPS: PNR on hydrogen-based fuels solutions for passenger ships. • MultHyFuel: PNR on H2 refuelling stations in multifunctional contexts (multiple fuels). On safety, the FCH 2 JU launched the European Hydrogen Safety Panel (EHSP) in 2017. The mission of the EHSP is to assist the FCH 2 JU Programme and projects in assuring that hydrogen safety is adequately managed and to promote and disseminate a high-level hydrogen safety culture within the FCH 2 JU Programme and beyond. Over the last period, the EHSP has published two new reports. • A new guidance document for the Safety Planning and Management in EU hydrogen and fuel cell projects. Building on the first safety planning guidance document published in 2019, the new document provides further information on safety planning, monitoring, and reporting for hydrogen and fuel cell projects in Europe. It helps EU projects to incorporate state-of-the-art hydrogen safety by integrating safety learnings, expertise and planning. An analysis of safety data and events contained in the European Hydrogen Incidents and Accidents Database (HIAD 2.0). The number of events within HIAD 2.0 has been increasing from about 250 events in 2018 to almost 500 events in 2020. The EHSP, in close collaboration with the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, has published the lessons learned from their in-depth assessment in a report, which includes recommendations stemmed from those lessons for different sectors and applications involving hydrogen. June 2021 The Regulations, Codes & Standards Strategy Coordination (RCS SC) Group of the FCH 2 JU coordinates the strategy on RCS within the FCH 2 JU, with a focus on the identification of strategic themes for RCS development and their proposed follow-up. With regard to standardisation, the only progress is on the WG1 of the CEN/CENELEC JT6 on the Hydrogen in energy systems - vocabulary, with a draft prEN ISO 24078 . The European Hydrogen Safety Panel (EHSP) continues its work on increasing the number of the safety data and events contained in the European Hydrogen Safety Reference Database (HIAD 2.0), currently above 550 events, and a new public report is being prepared with the summary of the findings, lessons learnt and recommendations stemmed from the assessment performed. On public outreach, a revamped website is being prepared which will include a set of "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" about hydrogen safety. December 2020 The activities of the Regulations, Codes & Standards Strategy Coordination (RCS SC) Group of the FCH 2 JU focused on the coordination of identified RCS needs and gaps towards appropriate standardisation platforms (such as Technical Committees and the Sector Fora) and regulatory bodies. The European Hydrogen Safety Panel (EHSP) activities during this period are ongoing in the four task forces. At the project and programme level, the EHSP has started to assess several key safety-related aspects in all FCHJU funded projects and has organised a workshop on safety of electrolysis with 15 FCHJU projects involving electrolysis technology. The outcome of the workshop will be a public summary report alongside the presentations, provided publication is finally granted. Moreover, the EHSP continues its work on increasing the number of the safety data and events contained in the European Hydrogen Safety Reference Database (HIAD 2.0), currently above 500 events, and a new public report is being prepared with the summary of the findings, lessons learnt and recommendations stemmed from the assessment performed. On public outreach, a revamped website is being prepared which will include a set of "Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" about hydrogen safety. _____________________________________________________________________________ June 2020 The activities of the Regulations, Codes & Standards Strategy Coordination (RCS SC) Group of the FCH 2 JU were focused on updating the annual work plan of the group as well as the coordination of identified RCS needs and gaps towards appropriate standardisation platforms (such as Technical Committees and the Sector Fora) and regulatory bodies. The European Hydrogen Safety Panel (EHSP) activities for 2020 were kicked-off and activities are ongoing in the four task forces. As a result, a safety-related checklist was developed for the FCH 2 JU programme office as a tool to improve the hydrogen safety management at a programme level. Besides, the EHSP is updating the assessment of the safety data and events contained in the European Hydrogen Safety Reference Database (HIAD 2.0) performed in 2019.

Question 7

Data

Accepted Answer

June 2021        May 2020   ____________________________________________________________________________   December 2020

Question 8

Websites

Accepted Answer

European Commission Hydrogen Program International CooperationCordis FP6 ServiceEnergy Research EuropaEnergy Research/Technology PlatformCIRCAB (to download presentations and documents) European Hydrogen Association

Question 9

Reports & Publications

Accepted Answer

Decemnber 2020 PROGRAMME REVIEW REPORT 2019 The 2019 Programme Review Report presents the findings of a review into activities supported by the FCH 2 JU under the EU’s Seventh Framework Programme and Horizon 2020 by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC).  It pays particular attention to the added value, effectiveness and techno-economic efficiency of FCH 2 JU projects, assigned to six review panels under two main pillars Transport and Energy: TRANSPORT: a) trials and deployment of fuel cell applications and b)the next generation of products; ENERGY: a) trials and deployment of fuel cell applications, b) next generation of products and c) hydrogen for sectoral integration Support for market uptake (cross-cutting activities such as standards and consumer awareness) This report covers all 81 projects that were ongoing for any time between April and October 2018 and assesses the strengths and accomplishments of each panel and areas that would benefit from further attention. 2020 SUCCESS STORIES The 2020 edition of the FCH JU Success Stories highlights the impact of FCH JU projects and how the FCH JU is making fuel cells and hydrogen an everyday reality in Europe. From hydrogen-powered cars and heavy-duty trucks to maritime applications, from tackling the barriers limiting the potential of electrolysers to greening the steel industry, our projects are helping to make an impact on the clean energy transition. OPPORTUNITIES FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES CONSIDERING THE NATIONAL ENERGY & CLIMATE PLANS The study analyses the role of hydrogen in the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) and identifies and highlights opportunities for hydrogen technologies to contribute to effective and efficient achievement of the 2030 climate and energy targets of the EU and its Member States. It focuses on the potential and opportunities of renewable hydrogen, produced by electrolysers using renewable electricity and of low-carbon hydrogen, produced by steam methane reforming combined with CCS. The opportunities for and impacts of hydrogen deployment are assessed and summarised in individual fiches per Member State. Moreover, it analyses to what extent policy measures and industrial initiatives are already being taken to facilitate large-scale implementation of hydrogen in the current and the next decades. HYDROGEN-POWERED AVIATION   A new independent study, commissioned by Clean Sky 2 and Fuel Cells & Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertakings on hydrogen’s potential for use in aviation. The study found that hydrogen – as a primary energy source for propulsion, either for fuel cells, direct burn in thermal (gas turbine) engines or as a building block for synthetic liquid fuels – could feasibly power aircraft with entry into service by 2035 for short-range aircraft. Costing less than €18 [$20] extra per person on a short-range flight, and reducing climate impact by 50 to 90%, hydrogen could play a central role in the future mix of aircraft and propulsion technologies.   __________________________________________________________________________   June 2020   Hydrogen Roadmap Europe: A Sustainable Pathway for the European Energy Transition The report makes the case that hydrogen is required to address a series of socio-economic and environmental challenges. The report lays out a roadmap for the ramp-up of market deployment across applications, setting specific milestones between now and 2050. It also calls for a coordinated approach from policy-makers, industry and investors to achieve the 2-degree scenario. HyNet Roadmap Abstract (PDF 25KB) 
HyNet Executive Report (PDF 174KB)
Overview of HyNet (PDF 176KB) 
Overview of HyWays (PDF 638KB)

Question 10

Member Statements

Accepted Answer

Last updated July 2021 European Commission Statement(PDF); 36th Steering Committee Meeting Online, Nov 16-17,2021 European Commission Statement (PDF); 35th Steering Committee Meeting Online, June 22-25,2021 European Commission Statement (PDF); 33rd Steering Committee Meeting Online, June 16-19 European Commission Statement (PDF); 32nd Steering Committee Meeting Seoul, Republic of Korea; October 21-25, 2019 European Commission Statement (PDF); 31st Steering Committee Meeting Vienna, Austria; April 9-12, 2019 European Commission Statement (PDF); 30th Steering Committee Meeting; Pretoria, South Africa; Dec 4-7, 2018 European Commission Statement (PDF); 29th Steering Committee Meeting; Japan; May 8-11, 2018 European Commission Statement (PDF); 28th Steering Committee Meeting; Netherlands; November 20-23, 2017 European Commission Statement (PDF); 27th Steering Committee Meeting; Hamburg, Germany; April 25-28, 2017 European Commission Statement (PDF); 26th Steering Committee Meeting; Gwangju, Republic of Korea; November 1-4, 2016 European Commission Statement (PDF 249KB); 25th Steering Committee Meeting; Berkeley, CA, USA; May 17-20, 2016 European Commission Statement (PDF); 24th Steering Committee Meeting; Grenoble, France; 1-3 December 2015 European Commission Statement (PDF); 23rd Steering Committee Meeting; Wuhan, China; 27-28 May 2015 European Commission Statement (PDF 1.32MB); 22nd Steering Committee Meeting; Rome, Italy; 2-3 December 2014 European Commission Statement (PDF 644KB); 21st Steering Committee Meeting; Oslo, Norway; 19-21 May 2014 European Commission Statement (PDF 622KB); 20th Steering Committee Meeting; City of Fukuoka, Japan; 20-21 November 2013 European Commission Statement (PDF 1008KB); 19th Steering Committee Meeting; London, United Kingdom; 23-24 May 2013 European Commission Statement (PDF 245KB); 18th Steering Committee Meeting; Seville, Spain; 14 November 2012 European Commission Statement (PDF 860KB); 17th Steering Committee Meeting; Cape Town, South Africa; 3-4 May 2012 European Commission Statement (PDF 425KB); 14th Steering Committee Meeting; Shanghai, China; 21-22 September 2010 European Union Presentation (PDF 1.73MB) Governmental Programs on E-Mobility; Ulm, Germany; 15 June 2010 European Commission Statement (PDF 2.48MB); ILC/SC Joint Meeting; Washington, DC; 1-3 December 2009 European Commission Statement (PDF 1.67MB); Steering Committee Meeting; Kyoto, Japan; 14-15 September 2005 European Commission Statement (PDF 2.02MB); ILC Committee Meeting; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 25 March 2005 European Commission Statement (PDF 177KB); Steering Committee Meeting; Paris, France; 26-28 January 2005 European Commission Statement (PDF 301KB); Steering Committee Meeting; Beijing, China; 26-28 May 2004 European Commission Statement (PDF 14KB); ILC Meeting; Reisensburg, Germany Ministerial Statement (PDF 145KB); IPHE Inaugural Ministerial Meeting; Washington, D.C.; 20 Nov 2003 Contact: Patrice Millet | Patrice.millet@ec.europa.eu

European commission

FC Trucks

FC Bus

​FC Forklifts

​FC Cars

Refueling Station

Electrolyzer

Stationary FC

Current Status

31

335

132

1064

179

16.8 MW

Target

-

1

247

546

70

53.8 MW

3046

1225

Hydrogen Strategy and Roadmaps

Latest Steering Committee Meeting Presentation

FC Forklifts

FC Cars